INNOVATION AND CHANGE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

INNOVATION AND CHANGE - Essay Example The organizations which can excel in these activities would be in a better position to fetch a continual competitive advantage over its competitors. The successful and effective utilisation of the inventive technologies and new resources is very much dependent on the capability of an organization to indulge into innovation. However, the introduction of such new technologies can bring in some complex challenges as well as opportunities, leading to considerable changes in the managerial practices to form new organizational environment. As in today’s environment, the organizational and technological innovations are entwined. In the year 1950, Schumpeter considered organizational changes, along with the new processes and products, new markets as the key factors leading to ‘creative destruction’. ... One of the significant issues in carrying out research on innovation is to exactly define the concept, ‘innovation’. There is no need to say that ‘innovation’ is something new or original. Beyond this concept of freshness, the dentition of ‘innovation’ would vary in accordance with academic perspective as well the application of the same. A number of researchers have agreed to the fact that an implied aspect of innovation is surely its usefulness. Hence, it distinguishes the ‘innovation’ from any invention as inventions may not have a practical application. More precisely, as per business sense, it is very much desired that innovation would be contributing to the firm’s performance in one or the other way. There is an ongoing debate whether innovation is a mere process or an outcome of the same. This is significant and may be useful in studying the innovation stages as part of organizational processes. Even, the differences c an be useful to find out at which point the organizations become innovative. Another concern has been raised in defining the ‘innovation’. The innovativeness of any firm can demand the firm to be the first mover in any market or innovator in activities. In the year 1983 Rodgers and after 10 years in 1993, Dowling had said that the firms are required to be among a specific percentage of the adopters to be innovative (Read, â€Å"A Definition of Innovation’). The concept of innovation is pretty wide as there can be various types and stages of innovation and varied level of analysis. In the year 1997, Gopalkrishnan and Damanpour had identified three kinds of innovation: radical versus incremental, technical versus administrative

The Cold War and the Color Line Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Cold War and the Color Line - Assignment Example International situation in the late 1950s - early 1960s turned domestic discrimination into a literally vital issue that might affect the future of the whole world. World War II triggered the anti-colonial movement in Asia and Africa, and the balance of powers in the world - given approximate parity between the communist and capitalist blocks - depended upon what form of political establishment those new countries would choose. And again, in the 1950s several politicians tried to draw the attention of the federal government to the link between discriminatory domestic policies of racial segregation and failure of the American efforts to extend political influence over new Asian and African states. In 1952, Chester Bowles, U.S. Ambassador to India, pronounced a speech at Yale University in which he clearly specified the causes of repeated failures in those regions: "A year, or even a week in Asia is enough to convince any perceptive American that the colored peoples of Asia and Africa, who total two-thirds of the world's population, seldom think about the United States without considering the limitations under which our 13 million Negroes are living" (Dudziak, 2000: 77). Being put on the verge of losing its international prestige the United States was forced to take serious efforts to improve the situation. The international pressure was accompanied by constantly growing domestic tension: throughout the 1950s black population of the country expressed increasing ability to organize and oppose segregationist laws (Borstelmann, 2002). Thus, in December 1955, Rosa Parks, an African American woman refused to give up her seat in the bus to a White man in Montgomery, Alabama. The incident resulted in a one-day boycott against segregation on Public transportation and led to the emergence of the Montgomery Improvement Association headed by a young minister from Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, Martin King. After a year of struggle and numerous arrests, the Supreme Court outlawed segregationist laws of Alabama: the name of Martin Luther King became known all over the world. Leaders of the emerging African American civil rights movement met at the beginning of 1957 and established the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). This organization led by King played a critically important role in the development of the civil rights movement of the 1960s. The black suffrage movement spread across the South where African Americans were in the majority but deprived of major political rights. Despite strong resistance of the white politicians, the Congress responded to the suffrage movement by passing the Civil Rights Act in 1957. The Act made it a federal crime to interfere with a citizen's right to vote or be elected and established the Civil Rights Commission to investigate violations of the law. Another Act passed in 1960 banned interfering with citizen's right to vote (Nowak and Rotunda, 1995). Gradually, black civil rights movement grew more organized and the civil rights struggle made a significant turn: while in the 1950s civil rights actions, such as Montgomery boycott, were spontaneous, the 1960s saw a series of well-organized actions.  

Present savalescu's argument harmless wrogdoing using the nuclear Essay

Present savalescu's argument harmless wrogdoing using the nuclear acident case - Essay Example The professor equates the case of the nuclear accident to selection of embryos otherwise referred to as procreative beneficence (Mills, 65). He argues that a poor country can invest in nuclear energy in order to provide heat and light. Nuclear energy then changes the citizen’s lifestyle since citizens can now enjoy their lives more by staying awake for longer periods. After sometime, a break down in the nuclear plant emits radiations to the environment and causes harm to the population. Majority of children born after the nuclear accident suffer pregnancy complications and physical abnormalities. Savalescu points out that objecting the nuclear accident is like admitting to harmless wrongdoing. He argues that children born after the nuclear accident would not have been born if the government did not invest in the nuclear plant. He argues that the nuclear accident was wrong but the population not severely harmed unless of death cases. According to Savalescu, if the population ob jected the accident then they have no right to object his concept of procreative beneficence. According to Holland (81), Savalescu justifies killing in order to save lives. ... Savalescu argument in relation to nuclear accident refers to using â€Å"preimplantation genetic diagnosis† (PGD) to select genes not affected by the nuclear accident. Nuclear accident not only results to body abnormalities, but also affects future generations. Nuclear accident affects the genetics composition of adults’ genes, which can affect future generations by inheriting the undesired genes (Mills, 27). In this case, Savalescu calls for use of the PGD to select embryos while destroying the nuclear affected embryos. However, the use of PGD is only possible when used with in-vitro fertilization (IVF) where fertilization of the ova and the sperm cells occurs outside the body before implanted into the female’s body. Savalescu arguments for harmless wrongdoing are logical since it may result to improvement of a child’s life. According to Savalescu, nuclear affected genes may affect the lives of the born children. This is because; the children born will ha ve physical abnormalities hence may not live a good life. According to Oakley (192), applying Savalescu theory of selection of embryos may help to prevent the unborn child from living a miserable life. Parents can prevent their children from the effects of the nuclear emissions by selecting the non-affected genes. This helps to control the effects of the nuclear accident by preventing the inheritance to future generations. Savalescu’s arguments help in evaluating the embryos with the highest chances of survival (Mills, 66). Procreative beneficence is crucial in evaluating the best genes that are likely to survive and live the best life. The parents then neglect the weaker genes that are not likely to survive. This will ensure the elimination of the problem of infant mortality

McCarthys power Essay Example for Free

McCarthys power Essay We also see this clearly when the corrupt Putnam ruthlessly and heartlessly kills off his neighbours to buy their land, using his daughter and Tituba as mediums to accuse people with and feeding names into their mouths, as he does with the words, Sarah Good? Did you ever see Sarah Good with him (the devil)? Or Osburn? Before his daughter Ruth has even admitted to witchcraft, he spreads the word of witchcraft, cruelly calculating his next move. The words, That is a notorious sign of witchcraft, a prodigious sign, indicate his joy at the opportunity to make some money and settle some old grudges. His disregard for his daughters health is yet another example of his lack of humanity. Parris is equally selfish and cold. When questioning Abigail about her dancing in the woods, Parris proceeds to say, I must know it now, for my enemies will, and they will ruin me with it you must understand I have many enemies there is a faction sworn to drive me from my pulpit, like Putnam lacking any concern for Abigail. It is clear that people like Danforth, Parris and Putnam arent in the business of helping Salems society, as people of their status should be, but in furthering their own possessions. Without these individuals keeping order and maintaining justice in the town, all of the old grudges and petty grievances are allowed to run riot and influence the proceedings in court, as we see when Ann Putnam accuses Rebecca Nurse, arguably the most respected person in the town, of killing her babies. This is also an example of how little scientific knowledge was available at the time, and how eager people were to place blame on other people. Aside from the few individuals with integrity, like Proctor, Corrie and Rebecca Nurse, the rest of Salems society will sacrifice others to safeguard their name in the town. When questioned by Hale, Abigail seems to instinctively play the innocent child which the audience knows she is definitely not, an example of dramatic irony. Im a good girl! Im a proper girl! These words highlight how quick she is to defend herself, and her insecurity about her image and reputation in the village. Once she is safe, she proceeds to shift blame onto others, like Tituba. She tried (to make me drink the soup) but I refused She made me drink blood! Abigail realises her word is taken over Titubas because of the racial prejudice at the time the play is set in. People like Abigail, Parris and Putnam arent afraid to use this discrimination to their advantage, which only serves to kill more people, or to ruin their lives. It is ironic that one of the few admirable qualities that are found in the town is the reason that so many people die. Ultimately, people like Hale and Proctor realise that it isnt being seen as a good Christian or letting people think you are innocent that matters, but knowing yourself that you are innocent and have nothing to fear. It is this that convinces them that everything should be done to protect your innocence, even giving your life, in Proctors case. People like Proctor and Reverend Hale are purified by Danforths crucible but for the wrong reasons. While Danforths words, We burn a hot fire here; it melts down all concealment, would appear to be correct, they are ironic, in that the only way the truth comes out is if innocent people die first These men, along with the many others who are convicted, struggle long and hard with the decision of confession and lies versus integrity and righteousness. For others like Rebecca Nurse the choice is already decided, as her words, Let you fear nothing, another judgement awaits us all, suggest. She is firm in her belief that they will be repaid by God for maintaining their innocence. Johns dilemma is much worse, as he has family and children to worry about, and his name is ruined in the village already, as news of his adultery charges would have circulated. The impact of outpourings like, I lie and sign myself to lies! I am not worth the dust of the feet of them that hang, gives you the feeling that he realises the complexity of his situation, and that he is trapped either way. The real problem to him is that he believes it is his fault. Elizabeths last line, He has his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him, lets you know that she understands his choice and she respects and forgives him once again, which is ultimately what he wanted. The society has the ability to let innocent people die, not only because they are loyal to themselves and no one else, but because these people are willing to die for what they believe, or what they want, in Proctors case. There are many other people in the village who try to speak their mind, and do what is morally right, but whose aspirations are crushed by the opposing factors, like Parris, Danforth and Abigail. Mary Warren is a good example of this, as she hides from her fears, but then confronts them, only to be brought to her knees by the sheer callousness of Abigail. We can also attribute this to the earlier mention of Danforths interrogation-style cross examining as well, as he repeatedly asks the same question to Mary, Has Mr. Proctor ever threatened you for this deposition? Has he ever threatened you? Has he threatened you? It personifies the disorder of the courts legal system, as if Danforth doesnt get the answer he wants, you will suffer, whether you are right or wrong. Mary eventually caves in to the pressure, condemning Proctor in the process, although sympathy is felt for her, as all of her weaknesses are ruthlessly exploited by the girls, betraying Mary and leaving her with no other alternative. When Mary goes to court, she feels as if she is on trial and it is her credibility that is questioned, even though it is she who is accusing the girls, again linking to Hales earlier comment, Is every defence an attack upon this court? Danforth refuses to question the girls, as if they are found to be guilty, his reputation will be ruined and his judgement will be compromised. Instead he turns a blind eye you any damning evidence against the girls, and with the help of Parris, forces people to lie to save themselves, vindicating his decisions in the process. This is revealed when Parris declares, There is either obedience or the church will burn like Hell is burning! This is ironic, as Parris church is already burning like Hell as a result of his wayward leadership. Outbursts like this not only show the real character behind Parris fai ade, but they also serve to highlight the way he and Danforth work against the community, with an attitude that only helps the corrupt. Once Danforth has weakened the accuser, he provides them with a way out, as he does with Mary, slowly pushing her to convict Proctor with suggestions like, It may well be Mary Warren has been conquered by Satan, practically putting words in her mouth. His desperation becomes much more apparent when he threatens Mary, You will confess or you will hang, another example of his twisted logic and self-serving nature. This pressure to do what is expected draws parallels to the McCarthy era, when Un-American activities were seen as wrong, and the one person who should represent hope, Danforth in the case of The Crucible, is in fact an antagonist in the whole predicament. This pressure again links to fear, but in this case it is fear of authority that reigns supreme, as there are few people who have the courage to challenge the decisions made by Danforth, and face the harsh consequences. Any Salemites who enter the court are forced to choose between Danforths and Parris version of right, and the Christian right, which, in a just system, should be the same thing. As the play goes on, the audiences antipathy for Parris grows, as they see him twisting the words of others and lying in court to protect himself, hardly the actions people expect of a priest. A prime example of dramatic irony is witnessed as the audience can see straight through Parris false exterior, as he desperately tries to cover up anything that could point to his knowledge of the girls just dancin in the woods. Few Salemites have any knowledge of his ulterior motives, or that anything he does or says is purely for his own well being, and the manner in which he projects himself is a far cry from his real character. Parris attempts to use theology to secure his position in the good books of Danforth and the community, often referring to the Bible during the proceedings in court. He leads most of the society to believe that he is trying to help them and, by lulling them into a false sense of security, he then seizes the opportunity to rid the town of anyone he believes is a threat to himself, or his position. Utilising his status and reputation, he preaches, You should surely know that Cain were an upright man, and yet he did kill Abel, in an attempt to have Proctor convicted. No court can provide unbiased or uncorrupted justice if its own minister is trying to have the defendant killed. His words, The devil lives on such confidences! Without confidences there would be no conspiracy, are ironic but true, as it is he who as kept much greater secrets, and it is he is the devil of Salem. In this sentence he is accusing someone who contrasts greatly with him, Giles Corey. Miller uses Corey to bring humour to the play, but he also stands alongside Proctor and Rebecca Nurse as one of the main symbols of integrity and righteousness. Although he is revealed as a nai ve, slightly puzzled man, he isnt afraid to speak his mind, albeit with some harsh consequences like his wifes death. Unlike Parris, he values his friends, which eventually leads to his death. His response to the choice of betraying his friend or dying is admirable, his integrity clear as he replies, I stand mute. The audience feels a great deal of sympathy and admiration not only for Corey, but also Proctor and Rebecca Nurse who set a great example that, few others follow. There is immense injustice, as the only people who die are innocent, and they are the privileged few who have integrity. Although he cant stop the proceedings in the court, Hale disassociates himself from the fraudulent proceedings in the Salem court, with the statement, I denounce these proceedings, I quit this court, ruining his reputation in the process. His efforts to correct Danforths judgement are brought to a halt, often by Danforth himself who quips, I will have nothing from you Mr. Hale! This again highlights the stubbornness of Danforth, as he refuses to listen to anyone The structure of the play is quite regimented, as there always appears to be a glimmer of hope in each act, but the end of every act ends with chaos. This shows that the situation could never be resolved, as the paranoia and hysteria undermined any efforts to do this. In reality, it was the Salem society that was the devil, as Proctor declares, A fire, a fire is burning! I hear the boot of Lucifer, I see his filthy face! And it is my face, and yours Danforth! This again shows the humbleness of Proctor, as he has the integrity to face up to his shortcomings, while Danforth would prefer to hide, frantically trying to drown out Proctors words with his own, with the frenetic cry, Take him (Proctor) and Corey with him to the jail! This is another illustration of Danforths cowardice, and his inability to confront his flaws. Proctors earlier quote, God is dead! also serves to show the disorder in the justice system. The people who should represent God, like Parris and Danforth, are now the devils. We see further irony when Danforth states, I will not deal in lies, in a bid to obtain Proctors confession, when in fact, every pardon or conviction was based on a lie. No one can be sure if Danforth believed he was right in doing what he did, but it is obvious that he wasnt right. In contrast, it is more obvious that Parris had a hidden agenda. However, both were responsible for the deaths of innocent people, although it seems that this was the only thing that could bring their reign to an end. One of the reasons Miller wrote this play was to denounce McCarthyism, and the end again draws parallels to this period, as the whole saga only came to an end when someone took a stand against the state. There were very few people who were willing to stand up for their beliefs, not only in Salem, but also during the McCarthy era, which is understandable given the consequences. . Miller projects other figures as unlikely heroes, everyday people like Rebecca Nurse, Giles Corey and John Proctor, who have the courage and integrity to admit to their faults, and die for their beliefs. In this era, with the town steeped in anger, vengeance and despair, these individuals stand alone making their achievements even greater. Once a stand had been taken however, the repercussions suffered by the corrupt leaders of these eras were also similar. Danforths power over the public diminished rapidly and Parris walked the highroad, and was never seen again. McCarthys power ceased as well, highlighting again, that a few individuals with a conscience can make a difference, one way or the other.

Analysis of Hipster Subcultures

Analysis of Hipster Subcultures Nowadays we often come across the terms hipster or hipsterism in different newspapers and magazines as well as watching TV programs. Some people in our society even cannot imagine the meaning of this word. However, the term hipster is a well-known term for any sociologist, especially if he or she is interested in different contemporary subcultures of our society. A great deal of articles concerning the hipsters lifestyle and culture have already been written. Among them are the articles which were written by the specialists in the field of sociology. For example, Mark Griefs article The Hipster in the Mirror which was published in New York Times on December, 11 in 2010 touches upon some important issues concerning this interesting theme from the experienced sociologists point of view. My goal in this paper is not only to develop the theme of this contemporary subculture but also to make head or tale of how it is that the term hipster can simultaneously be so ambiguous and yet so meaningful to certain people in our society. Ill try to analyze Griefs discussion in his article The Hipsters in the Mirror, and Ill give my own thoughts regarding this theme. To achieve this goal, I have organized my paper into three main sections, one of which has some sub-sections. In the first section, Ill give the main characteristics of hipsters. Moreover, Ill match each of three hipster sub groups which were identified by Mark Grief in his article. In the second section of my essay, Ill touch upon the Marxist idea concerning the culture as a form of power, and Durkheims ideas concerning the reflection of our mental representations in particular social groups, and find out Bourdieus conception on these issues. In the third section of my paper, Ill discuss Griefs argument that terms like hipster do not make very good sociological concepts and Ill give my own point of view concerning this issue. In conclusion, Ill summarize the main points of my essay and express my opinion. Now I am going to turn to the first section of my paper. HIPSTERS IN OUR SOCIETY. THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THIS SOCIAL GROUP The term hipster is a slang term which stands for a young man or a girl who adhere to non-mainstream fashion and created their own culture. It is not difficult to recognize a hipster in the crowd of people because the representatives of this group are usually dressed according to their certain rules and aesthetic norms. Hipsters usually wear skinny jeans and big eyeglasses. (Greif) It is known that this term hipster appeared in 1940th and initially stood for a representative of a special subculture and the admires of jazz music. Nowadays this word has a little bit another meaning. It describes the young well-to-do people who usually live in big cities and who are interested in fashion, culture, modern music, indie rock, popular magazines such as Vice and Clash, arthouse films and modern literature and so on. (Haddow) Mark Griefs Ideas Concerning Hipsters and the Role of Taste. Mark Grief, a writer, professor at New School University in New York and editor/co-creator of literary magazine n+1, a person of wide interests, a Harvard graduate, who got PhD from Yale, studied literature at Oxford gives some interesting ideas about hipster. (Rawlings Sundin) Mark Grief insists on the fact that nobody thinks of himself as a hipster in our society, nevertheless, most of the present day young people belong to this social group. Not only the clothes they wear give them out to be hipsters. Although this fact is also very important in this issue. Their way of life, their world concept, their special interests unite them together. In his article The Hipster in the Mirror, Mark Grief turns to the work of a famous French sociologist Pierre Bourdie Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste which is considered to be one of the most important sociological books of the 20th century. The author of this book makes investigations and gives the ideas how different social groups define aesthetic concepts such as taste. (Bourdie) His investigation gives such results that the tastes which are considered to be personal, unique, justified only by sensibility depend on the social class including your profession, your highest degree and your fath ers profession. (Grief) Moreover, he identifies three main groups hipster sub-groups which have absolutely different tastes, interests and philosophy. Mark Griefs Division of Hipsters into three Main Groups and Difference between them. In order to explain the above mentioned statement, I should use Mark Griefs words: Taste is not stable and peaceful but a means of strategy and competition. What does it mean? It means that all the representatives of hipterism can be divided into several classes according to their financial standing. Those superior in wealth young people who are at the top of this diagram use taste to show that they are superior in spirit. The other sub-group of hipsters includes the young people of upper-middle class who move to cities after college in order to find work in the creative professions. (Grief) Of course, they are ignored by the urban hierarchy but have some skills to make a superior body of cultural cool. The third sub-group of hipsters is represented by couch-surfing, old-clothes-wearing young people who belong to the lower-middle class fraction. Mark Grief calls them the most authentic and the most s ocially precarious. However, they have no any financial support from their parents. They work as servitorial staff in bars, shops and so on. Their cool clothes can easily make them superiors among all the hipsters in spite of the fact that they practically have no extra money. The struggle among these three groups is based on superiority. To be the best, to know more about lifestyle and culture, to wear the most cool clothes are the main aspects of this struggle. The representatives of each group of hipsters consider themselves to be the best possessors of taste. The main purpose of representing hipsterism is to prove that the tastes of this or that social group depend on the economic, social and cultural aspects. BOURDIEUS IDEAS REGARDING TWO PERSPECTIVES ON CULTURE BY MARX AND DURKHEIM, THE EARLY THEORISTS OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF CULTURE It is known that such researchers as Marx and Durkheim made a great contribution to the development of cultural sociology. According to Marxs ideas concerning culture, the most powerful members of our society are those who belong to the upper class. They set up culture of the society in their own way, according to their rules and concepts. Moreover, he states that the economic status plays an important role in the formation of values and ideologies of society. The other perspective on culture which was used by Bourdieu in his work relates to another famous sociologist Emile Durkheim who has his own opinion on culture. According to his opinion, culture has many relationships to society including logical, functional and historical ones. The first ones state that power depends on some cultural categories and beliefs, e.g. God. The second ones state that certain ceremonies and myths build social order. The historical relationships to society state that the origins of culture lie in socie ty. Lets relate the ideas of Bourdieu described by Mark Grief in his article The Hipsters in the Mirror to these perspectives on culture. Speaking about Bourdieus ideas regarding the freedom of our mental representations, Id say that he appropriates some claims of the famous French sociologist Emile Durkheim who is known also for the establishment of the academic discipline and social science. As a matter of fact, Emile Durkheim asserts that our mental representations are not freely and randomly chosen but really represent our membership in particular social group. It means that the representatives of this or that sub-group of hipsters cannot change themselves due to their mental representations. For example, Bourdieu and his researchers held an opinion poll of 1200 people among which were the representatives of all the social classes. The questions which were included into his public opinion poll touched upon the aspects of French domestic life. Among them was such a question: Which of the given subjects could be the most appropriate to make a good photo? There were three variants given by the researchers to choose: a beautiful sunset, a pretty girl with a cat and a terrible car crash. It is interesting to know that the representatives of such professions as college teachers and artists began to look conditioned to the variant of a car crash. Of course, much depends on the social status of a person.(Grief) If we are going to speak about the representatives of the upper class who are well-to-do people and who feel a great power over the other social groups, their culture will really represent a form of power. Everything they do will be considered the best, everything they say will be highly appreciated. They are those who always take center stage. Of course, as a result of it, they ignore other young people and even make fun of them. Mark Grief touches upon the Bourdieus discussions based on the Marxist idea that culture can operate as a form of power. He says that the philistine wealthy, who have money but have no idea of what culture is, convert real capital into cultural capital. They create their own subculture as if it were ready to wear. (Grief) At the same time Bourdieus approach criticizes the Marxist perspective in a way and Mark Grief states this fact in his article. He says that the habits of hatred and accusation are rather typical for hipsters of all the sub-groups. The main reason of this fact is that they feel the weakness of everyones position including their own. (Grief) They feel their own weakness. So, as a result of this emotional state, young people who not long ago had a great power over the other representatives of hipsters and considered themselves to be the best in lifestyle, culture and fashion, feel low and insignificant in the presents of the other hipsters. In this situation we canno t say that culture can operate as a form of power. SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS OF THE TERM HIPSTER IN OUR SOCIETY It is very important to notice the fact that Griefs argument that terms like hipster do not make very good sociological concepts cannot be used for describing the social world in scientific terms. If we try to analyze the meaning of this word having read a great deal of articles regarding the lifestyle, behavior, fashion and culture of hipsters, well be able to give a certain characteristics to the term hipster. May be, it will be something with negative meaning but, nevertheless, it will represent the main true features of this word. So, hipsters are young people, the representatives of a certain social group or class and subculture which do not aim for anything, which do not dream of anything, which do not exclaim against anything or rebel, which do not invent or change anything. The response to the term hipster is striking. People do not hate hipsters. It is an obvious exaggeration. Anyway, people refer to this phenomenon as if it is the main source of culture fall because hipster s can easily change one thing into another. Id like to represent the results of a survey which will help us to see if this term can be used to describe the social world in scientific terms. People of different professions and social status took part in this survey on the question of hipsters. Among them were students, designers, journalists, workers, businessmen. Here are some examples of their answers. Question: Does the word hipster have a positive or a negative meaning? Student: Hipsters represent our modern youth and its quite normal. Journalist: If a hipster is a one person in the crowd, its positive, but if there are hundreds of them gathered in one place, it irritates a lot. Designer: I think if a person wants to distinguish himself from the crowd, its a good idea! I cannot say anything negative about hipsters. Worker: I dont know what are you talking about. Businessman: Its not interesting for me. Photographer: I am sure that hipsters make our life bright and merry. Their clothes, their glasses, everything is Okay. These are only several answers. However, we can easily prove the fact that the public opinion concerning hipsters is positive in most answers. So, I think that the term hipster can be used to describe the social group in scientific terms. Although there are many articles which prove the contrary. For example, Douglas Haddows article Hipster: The Dead End of Western Civilization considers hipsters to be the representatives of narcissism and spiritual shallowness which may lead to the end of civilization. He says that we came to the point in our civilization where counterculture has mutated into a self-obsessed aesthetic vacuum. (Haddow) At the same time another article Are Hipsters Really the End of Western Civilization written by Joseph Mohan calls down this opinion. The author of this article is sure that hipsters are simply kids in a phase theyll eventually grow out of it, just like the Gen-Hers, punks, hippies, beatniks, and flappers before them. (Mohan) CONCLUSION In conclusion, I should say that the issue discussed in my paper is a topical one. It is clear that different people have different opinions concerning hipsters in our society. The proverb says: So many heads, so many opinions. That is true. Mark Grief used the work of Pierre Bourdieu to discuss this issue. Having analyzed some aspects in his article and some other articles which also touch upon the question of hipsters, I can agree that the term hipster can at the same time be so ambiguous and so meaningful to certain people of our society. Of course, this phenomenon is not dangerous for our civilization. Not all the people of our society can be hipsters. Nevertheless, we can easily use this term to denote a certain social group in our society. I think that its a very interesting question for any sociologist to carry out researches and have public surveys, to learn new things and study social science. Such people as hipsters help us to explore our society and draw corresponding conc lusions.

Developing Through the Life Span Essay -- Prenatal Health

Prenatal Development and the newborn: The focal point of this section was conception and the development of life before birth. I’ve read that every woman is born with a number of eggs that will later be released. Out of that number 1 in 5,000 eggs will essentially mature. Contrary to women, a man begins producing sperm at puberty, which gradually decreases along with age. During the actual conception, over 200 million sperms head towards the egg and try to break through. One is successful, the rest aren’t. The following section focused on prenatal development. Prenatal development is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I learned about Zygotes (fertilized egg’s), the Embryo (the zygote’s inner cells), and the fetus (the embryo after 9 weeks)is the . More specifically, the zygotes are the first cell organism’s that are produced. The embryo is a cell before it completes fertilization and becomes a fetus. And the fetus is an embryo at a more advanced stage of development. I’ve learned that by 6 month’s it is possible for the baby to survive if born prematurely. During pregnancy it is very important to pay c...

Pvsyst Tutorial

PV-SYST Tutorials All the tutorials in this series will teach you how to use the basic functions of PV-SYST to design a PV system. This set of tutorials works through how to use the software in both preliminary and project design modes. The basis for this tutorial will be to design a PV system that fits on the area defined by the LDK roof of the model used in the Ecotect_Tutorial. A 30 day full functioning demo version of the program can be downloaded from the PV-SYST website.Figure 1 presents the opening screen for PV-SYST upon starting the program. From this initial window you can choose whether to undertake an analysis via â€Å"Preliminary design† or â€Å"Project design† mode. Figure 1: Opening screen for PV-SYST1. Start PV-SYST from Start>>All Programs>>PV-SYST. The icon for PV-SYST is presented to the right.2. Select â€Å"Preliminary Design† from the available options. This will bring up a new panel called â€Å"System†.3. Select â€Å"Grid-Connec ted† in the System panel. Then select OK to continue.4.A new pop-up window titled â€Å"Grid system presizing project† will appear, as presented in Figure 2. Click on the â€Å"Location† button to continue.5. A 2nd pop-up window will appear called project’s location. In the Project name call the file â€Å"PV-SYST tutorial location Melbourne†6. Under the â€Å"Location† heading change the â€Å"Site† entry to â€Å"Melbourne Meteonorm†.7. Leave the other default parameters, and click OK to continue. Note: In this preliminary design we are going to assume that there is no near or far shading on our designed PV system.8.In the â€Å"Grid system presizing project† window select the â€Å"System† button.9. This opens another pop-up window titled â€Å"System Specifications† Note: In preliminary design mode you have three options to design the system.System size can be set by 1) Active area; 2) Nominal Power or 3 ) Annual yield.Figure 2: Pop-up window Grid system presizing project 10. 11. 12. 13. Select Active area (m2) as the method to determine the system size. This will bring up a field titled â€Å"Area† enter the area 54m2. This is the area of the LDK roof. Enter 3 ° for tilt and 180 for Azimuth, i. e. ndicating that the roof is sloping towards south. Click the â€Å"Next† button to continue. Note: Within the â€Å"System Specification† window you can quickly view how your system causes losses in comparison to a system with optimum tilt and orientation.In this scenario the loss with respect to the optimum is 12. 2%. 14. In the next window of the â€Å"System Specification† wizard select the module type and specifications. For this tutorial select: a. Module Type: Standard b. Technology: Polycrystalline c. Mounting disposition: Facade or tilt roof d. Ventilation property: Ventilation . Click OK to continue. This will take you back to the â€Å"Grid system p resizing project window† 15. Select â€Å"Results† in the â€Å"Grid system presizing project window†. A new pop-up window titled results will appear. 16. The default results page appears as presented in Figure 3. From this window you can see the nominal power and annual yield from the system. 17. Click on the third graphical icon button (which looks like a table) located down the left hand side of the results page, as highlighted by the blue circle in Figure 3. This will bring up the results in table format. 18.The results page should now display the results on a monthly basis, for the level of insolation falling on a horizontal plane and on the tilted plane that you designed your system on (i. e. 3 ° sloping facing south). 19. The results also present on a monthly basis the output of the PV system. Note: the results for a PV system designed on 54m2 area at 3 ° sloping facing south achieves annual output of 6835 kWh. However an optimally designed system at 3 0 degrees tilt facing north can achieve an annual output of 7787 kWh for the same array area. Therefore our system has a loss of 12. % compared to optimal tilt and orientated system. Figure 3: Results page for â€Å"Preliminary Design† mode Project Design 1. Upon opening PV-SYST select the â€Å"Project Design† option under the â€Å"Option† heading. Note: If you are continuing from the following tutorial, close all the open windows to return to the main PV-SYST window that was presented in Figure 1. 2. Select â€Å"Grid-Connected† under the â€Å"System† heading and click â€Å"OK† to continue. This will bring up a new pop-up window pictured as presented in Figure 4. 3. If you wish to save a copy of your file, click on the â€Å"Project† button and fill in the respective details.For this tutorial we will not worry about saving any details. 4. Click on the Project Button then click on the â€Å"Site and Meteo† button. This will bring up a pop-up window titled â€Å"Project: Situation and Meteo†. Make the following adjustments: a. Country: Australia b. Site: Melbourne Meteonorm c. Meteo File: Melbourne_syn. met: Melbourne, Synthetic Hourly data. d. Click â€Å"Next† to continue. Then click â€Å"Ok† in the new pop-up window that appears e. Finally click â€Å"Back (Calculation)† to return to the main window. Figure 4: Project window for â€Å"Project Design† mode. 5. Click on the â€Å"Orientation† button 6.Within the Orientation pop-up window change the following parameters a. Plane tilt: 3 degrees b. Azimuth: 180 degrees c. Field Type: Fixed Tilted Plane. d. Leave the other parameters at default settings and click OK to continue Note: The horizon tool is used to designate shading elements that appear off in the horizon that will block out access to the sun. For example a hill or mountain may block out all the afternoon sun. For this tutorial there is no Horizon s hading. 7. Click on â€Å"Near Shading†. This element defines elements that are close to the PV array which can cause shading on the system. 8.In this tutorial we will construct a 3D scene to indicate the shading surrounding the PV system we want to put on the LDK roof of the Ecotect tutorial house. 9. Click on the â€Å"Construction/Perspective† button. This will bring up a drawing window as presented in Figure 5. 10. First we will draw a rough version of the LDK zone to place the PV plane. Select Object>>New>>Elementary Shading Object from the main toolbar menu. 11. Under the Parameters heading change the following elements: e. Shape type: Select â€Å"House, asymmetric roof† from the drop down box f. Width (DX): 8. 1m g. Length (DY): 7m h. Height at top: 2. 9m i.Roof 1 tilt angle: 3 degrees j. Roof 2 tilt angle: 3 degrees k. Roof 1 ratio: 0 m l. Click Ok to continue. This will put the building we just dimensioned in the modelling window. Figure 5: Constructio n/Perspective drawing window Note: You always need to check the orientation of any plane or building you draw. The building you just drew will have the slope pointing in the west direction. Click on the element you want to adjust, then select Object>>Position in scene from the main toolbar menu. This will make an object positioning toolbar active in the top right hand corner of the modelling window as presented in Figure 6.Figure 6: Building object in modelling window with object positioning toolbar active. 12. Within the â€Å"Object Positioning† toolbar change the Azimuth entry from zero to 90 degrees. 13. Next we will include the tree that causes shading. Select â€Å"Object>>New>>Elementary shading object† from the main toolbar. 14. Under the Parameters heading change the following elements: m. Shape type: Tree n. Medium-point height: 2. 7m o. Medium height: 2. 7m p. Low part height: 2m q. Trunk height: 2m r. Medium diameter: 4m s. Trunk diameter: 0. 5m t. Click OK to continue u. Move the tree position 11. 5m in the north direction and 3. m in the east direction 15. Next we will include the Neighbouring buildings that may cause shading. Select â€Å"Object>>New>>Elementary shading object† from the main toolbar. 16. Under the Parameters heading change the following elements: v. Shape type: Parallelepipede w. Width (DX): 11. 3m x. Length (DY): 11. 5m y. Height: 5m 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. z. Click OK to continue aa. Move the neighbouring building 12. 8 m east and 3. 4m south Repeat and create a second neighbour building 3m high, 10. 2m wide, 14. 1m long and offset 26. 77m west and 12. 3m south. Next we will draw in the PV Surface plane.Select â€Å"Object>>New>> Rectangular PV Plane† Under the collector plane heading change the following elements: bb. Nb. Of rectangles: 1 cc. Plane Tilt: 3 degrees dd. Width: 8. 1m ee. Length: 7 ff. Click OK to continue Adjust the Positioning of the PV plane to: gg. Tilt: 3 degrees hh. Azimuth: 180 degr ees ii. West: 7m jj. Height: 2. 5m Now you have detailed the plane the PV is located on and the elements that can possibly cause shading. Your drawing window should appear as presented in Figure 7. Figure 7: Shading scene for PV located on 3 degree sloping facing south 22. Select File>>Close.This will return you to the near shading window Note: If you already have a built shading file you can load it directly into the â€Å"Near Shading† window by clicking the â€Å"Open† button under the model library heading, and selecting the near shading scene. Only files that are located in the file location C:Program DataPV systDataShadings can be opened. 23. Select the â€Å"Table† button to generate the shading factors calculated from the model just built. Once generated close the window. 24. You can view the effects of the shading on an Iso-shading curve by selecting the â€Å"Graph† button located under the â€Å"Linear (rough) Shading Factor† heading.Fig ure 8 presents the results. 25. In the Near shading pop-up window select Ok to continue. Figure 8: Iso shading diagram from PV-SYST for the shading model built 26. In the Project window now select the â€Å"System† button. This will open up the â€Å"Grid system definition window† 27. In the â€Å"Grid system definition window† select â€Å"†¦or available area† as the method to define the system size. Type in 54m2. 28. In the â€Å"Project Design† mode you have the ability to select the actual brand, type and size of module you want in your system. 29. For this tutorial select â€Å"Sort Modules† by â€Å"Power†.The PV Modules are then ordered by Watt peak output and voltage. You can choose which ever module you would like to test for your system. For this tutorial, let’s select the SunPower 200Wp 34V Si-mono Modules. 30. The next step is to select the inverter. Sort the inverter list via Manufacturer and scroll down to th e top of the available Sun Power inverters. Note: PV-SYST can automatically determine the number of modules in series and the number of strings per inverter, and the number of inverters required, based on your module and inverter selection.It should be noted however, that the majority of combinations are not compatible. PV- SYST has a grey indicator box, as highlighted by the green square in Figure 9 that provides detail about your chosen combination. For example, if a message in red text is displayed, the combination chosen is not viable, i. e. The Sun Power models we chose in combination with 30kW 420-800V Sunways inverter achieve a message that reads â€Å"The inverter power is strongly oversized†. If a message in orange text is displayed, the combination is potentially viable, but there are likely to be better combinations. . e. The SunPower models we chose in combination with the 3. 3kW 195 550V SunPower inverter achieves a message that reads â€Å"The inverter power is slightly oversized† or with the 5. 2kW 240-450V Sun Power inverter achieves an orange message that reads â€Å"The array Vmpp at 60 °C is lower than the inverter minimum operating voltage†. The best combinations of PV modules and inverters occur when no message is received. For example the combination of the Sun Power modules we chose with the 4kW 195-550V Sun Power inverter. 31.Choose the Sun Power inverter that is rated at 4kW 195-550V SPR-4000x 32. This combination of PV modules and inverter results in a system that requires two inverters, with 7 modules in series and six strings. 33. Select OK to continue 34. In the Project window select the â€Å"Simulation† button. This will open the Simulation pop-up window. 35. Accept the default parameters and click on the â€Å"Simulation† button to begin the calculation process. 36. Click the OK button once the simulation calculation process is complete. This will bring up the Results window